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The national “Simorgh of Iran's Mountains” project is a development-oriented initiative in mountain tourism, run by the Mountaineering and Sport Climbing Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Its main aim is to promote and climb the highest peak of each of the country's 31 provinces as sport-tourism attractions. The national project was launched in autumn 1395 (Solar Hijri) and officially opened to all active climbers in 1396. To earn the Simorgh mountaineering badge, participants must climb the highest peak in each province of Iran (31 peaks in total). Besides promoting mountaineering as a sport, one of the project's key goals is to introduce climbers to the rich culture, local customs and sights of different regions of Iran. The Federation created the project as a national mountaineering-tourism scheme, inspired by similar international projects such as the 8,000ers club, the Snow Leopard award and the Seven Summits (the highest peak on each of the 7 continents). Taking part in the Simorgh project requires following the rules set by the Federation. Under these rules, climbs must be carried out under the supervision of mountaineering clubs approved by the Federation, and to receive the Simorgh badge you must submit a report of the climb along with photos from the summit. In keeping with the importance of climbers' safety, the project pays particular attention to climbers' insurance, and solo or unofficial climbs are not permitted. Note also that, to keep climbers safe given the weather and the cold, winter climbs of 26 of the peaks are suspended from the start of Azar (late November); during this period only the four southern peaks of the country and Barfanbar Peak in Qom are open without restriction. So far the project has been very well received: more than 100 climbers have climbed all the peaks and received the Simorgh badge. This response reflects the project's popularity in Iran's mountaineering community. List of the Simorgh Project Peaks The Simorgh project involves climbing 31 high peaks in the 31 provinces of Iran. The list below gives these peaks along with their province and approximate height. Note that heights reported in different sources may differ slightly. List of the Simorgh Project Peaks Sabalan in Ardabil Province, approximate height 4811-4818 Shahan Kuh in Isfahan Province, approximate height 4040-4044 Kan Seyfi in Ilam Province, approximate height 2910-3050 Kamal (Quchgoli) in East Azerbaijan Province, approximate height 3707-3767 Orin in West Azerbaijan Province, approximate height 3651-3702 Shah Alborz in Alborz Province, approximate height 4150-4170 Birmi in Bushehr Province, approximate height 1950-1970 Khalenow in Tehran Province, approximate height 4350-4390 Kolonchin in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, approximate height 4221-4250 Nayband in South Khorasan Province, approximate height 2853-3005 Shirbad in Razavi Khorasan Province, approximate height 3303-3327 Shahjahan in North Khorasan Province, approximate height 3032-3081 Kino in Khuzestan Province, approximate height 3700-3761 Belqeys in Zanjan Province, approximate height 3332-3363 Shahvar in Semnan Province, approximate height 3905-3910 Taftan in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, approximate height 3911-3941 Bol in Fars Province, approximate height 3943-3953 Syalan in Qazvin Province, approximate height 4197-4250 Barfanbar in Qom Province, approximate height 3233-3260 Quli Zoleykha in Kurdistan Province, approximate height 3195-3250 Hezar in Kerman Province, approximate height 4500-4501 Parav in Kermanshah Province, approximate height 3390-3405 Qash Mastan in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, approximate height 4436-4450 Gavkoshan in Golestan Province, approximate height 3800-3841 Samamus in Gilan Province, approximate height 3050-3716 Sanbaran in Lorestan Province, approximate height 4100-4150 Damavand in Mazandaran Province, approximate height 5609-5610 Domir in Markazi Province, approximate height 3400-3505 Tashgar in Hormozgan Province, approximate height 2340-3327 Kubari (Glacier) in Hamadan Province, approximate height 3586 Shirkuh in Yazd Province, approximate height 4075 Detailed Introduction to the Simorgh Project Peaks • Mount Damavand Mount Damavand, at 5609 meters above sea level, lies in Mazandaran Province, in Amol County. It is the highest peak in Iran and in West Asia, and is also considered a dormant (semi-active) volcano, standing in the center of the Central Alborz range, south of the Caspian Sea. Thanks to its special place in Iranian mythology and folklore, Damavand has great cultural importance. In clear weather this majestic peak can be seen from Tehran, Varamin and Qom, as well as from the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. The soil of Damavand consists mainly of volcanic ash, and the vegetation varies with altitude. Below 2000 meters, especially on the northern slopes, there are forests of cypress, pine, oak, boxwood and silk tree (Albizia). Between 2000 and 3000 meters, pastures and meadows spread out, and at 3000 meters and below, wild poppies grow, said to have medicinal properties. Between 3000 and 4000 meters you can see several kinds of astragalus (milkvetch), thorny plants and seasonal flowers. Above 4200 meters, the area has no vegetation at all. Native and medicinal plants of the region include Damavand yarrow, Damavand groundsel, clover dodder and thyme dodder, kazal, ram's beard, forget-me-not, bellflower, Damavand iris, mound sainfoin, rock gypsophila and Kolah-Mir Hasan. In terms of wildlife, Mount Damavand is home to a wide variety of animals. Foxes, jackals, dogs and wolves can be seen around the mountain, and these species live even at altitudes of 4,000 meters. Bears have also been sighted in the northern and western parts of the mountain. In addition, herbivores such as gazelles, hares, wild sheep and wild boar live in the area. The sky above Damavand is home to birds of prey such as the golden eagle, owls and bats, and partridges, parrots and woodpeckers are other bird species found on this mountain. In recent years, sightings of leopards have also been reported in the Kuh-e Sefid area of Damavand. Livestock farming is also common on the slopes of Mount Damavand and the surrounding areas. In Damavand County, various pets and livestock are bought and sold, including Qawqaz dogs, Husky dogs, peacocks, local roosters, pigeons, budgies and camels. In addition, the Khorshid tourist farm in Damavand raises a variety of domestic animals, giving visitors a chance to get to know them. Climbing Damavand involves a number of hazards, the most important of which are altitude sickness, reduced oxygen levels, cold and unpredictable weather conditions. The steep gradient of the route in some places, the possibility of rockfall and getting lost are other potential dangers. Strong winds, storms and lightning can also make the climb difficult. Hypothermia and frostbite are serious dangers if climbers are not well prepared and properly equipped. In busy seasons, traffic on the climbing route can also cause problems. The number of injuries and deaths on the Damavand climbing routes is worrying and shows the need for full physical fitness, experience of climbing at high altitude, and suitable equipment. Reserving a place in the mountain hut and obtaining a climbing permit from the Mountaineering Federation are also essential safety requirements for climbing this peak. There are 16 different routes to the summit of Damavand, of which 4 routes (south, west, north and northeast) are recognized as the main routes. The south route, which starts from the villages of Polur and Reyneh, is the most common and generally the easiest climbing route, and has the Bargah-e Sevom hut. The west route starts from the city of Abadi and reaches the Simorgh hut at an altitude of 4,200 meters. The north route passes between the Siyoleh and Dobisel glaciers and has two emergency shelters at altitudes of 4,000 and 5,650 meters. The northeast route starts from the village of Gazanak and, following a long ridge, reaches the Takht-e Fereydun hut at an altitude of 4,300 meters; another route starts from the village of Haji Abad and the Ehsani sheepfold, and is shorter. In addition to these main routes, there are other secondary routes to the summit of Damavand, including the southeast, the south-northwest and the Yal-e Dagh ridge. To reach the starting points of the south and west routes, you can travel along the Haraz Road to the Polur and Reyneh areas, and the route through the village of Nandel is suitable for reaching the north routes. The huts on the main routes are Bargah-e Sevom on the south route, Simorgh on the west route, the 5000 shelter on the north route, and Takht-e Fereydun on the northeast route. Access to water varies along the Damavand climbing routes. On the south route, there is a spring at the Bargah-e Sevom hut. On the north route, the last water source is the sheepfold, about three kilometers before Sang-e Bozorg (the Big Rock); it may also be possible to collect water above the 5000 shelter and from the glacier. The northeast route offers access to water only at the sheepfold. On the west route, the glacier spring to the right of the Simorgh hut flows in all seasons. On the southeast and south-northwest routes, there is no spring along the way. • Sabalan Peak Sabalan Peak, at 4,811 meters above sea level, is located in Ardabil Province near the city of Meshgin Shahr. It is the third highest peak in Iran and a dormant volcano with a beautiful lake at its summit. Sabalan attracts tourists for the natural hot springs on its slopes, its beautiful summer scenery and the famous Alvares ski resort. The slopes of Sabalan have diverse vegetation, with more than 3,000 plant species. The natural pastures of this region are very rich, and plants such as barberry, garlic, carnation, wild rose, madder, borage, anemone, iris and tulip grow there. Hyacinth, basil, pennyroyal and milkvetch are other native plants of the area, which contribute to the production of high-quality honey. Mount Sabalan is home to a variety of wild animals, including brown bears, weasels, foxes, jackals, hares, sparrowhawks, owls, hoopoes, larks, swallows, martins, crows, golden eagles and wild boar. Wild goats, ibex and Armenian mouflon are also found in this region. Thanks to its rich pastures, the slopes of Sabalan are well suited to livestock farming, and beekeeping also thrives in the region, producing high-quality honey. Although detailed information about domestic animals around the summit is not available, mentions of sheep and goats in climbing reports suggest that livestock farming exists in the area. There is also a pet shop called Sabalan in Tehran, which may be named after this region. Climbing Sabalan Peak may involve hazards such as altitude sickness, cold, wind and the possibility of fog. The steep gradient on some routes, the presence of precipices and the similarity of the routes to one another are also things climbers need to pay attention to. Physical fitness and sufficient experience, attention to the guide flags, and caution against the danger of icing in winter are important safety tips for climbing this peak. There are three main routes to the summit of Sabalan. The northeast route is the most common; it starts from the Shabil hot spring and reaches the summit after passing the hut. The west route starts at the foot of Lake Qareh Gol and, after passing Harameh Chal and the Harameh glacier, reaches the west shelter and then the summit. The south route starts from the south side of the peak and, near the summit, leads to it via the east ridge; the Alvares ski resort is also located on this route. To reach the northeast route, you can travel via Ardabil to Meshgin Shahr and Lahrud, and the Ardabil–Meshgin Shahr road also provides access to Shabil. The Alvares ski resort is located on the south route. On the northeast route, the Shabil hot spring is at the start, and there is a spring near the shelter. On the west route, Lake Gharehgol is at the start. The south route has no shelter or water source along the way. Hot springs such as Shabil and Ghinarcheh are also found on the slopes of Sabalan. • Hezar Peak Hezar Peak, at 4,501 meters above sea level, is located in Kerman Province, south of the Rayen district. It is known as the highest peak in southern Iran and the central plateau, and it is said to have been given its name ("Hezar" means "thousand") because of the great diversity of its vegetation. Hezar is the source of the Yatehrud River, and near it stands a shrine resembling the shrines of the goddess Anahita. The slopes of the peak welcome climbers and nature lovers in spring and summer, and a stone shelter stands at an altitude of 3,100 meters. The highest inhabited place in Iran, the village of Bab Zangi at 3,309 meters, is also located on Mount Hezar. Mount Hezar has very diverse vegetation, with more than a thousand different plant species. Native plants of the area include anemone, thyme, yarrow, mofarrah, wild marjoram, wild celery, pennyroyal, ezgen, asafoetida, wormwood, astragalus, mushrooms, rhubarb, kal, wild lettuce, wild spring onion, koma, garchik and shurkuh wood. The wildlife of the area includes wolves, wild boar, ibex and wild goats, hares, foxes, chukar partridges, see-see partridges and squirrels. The pastures on the slopes of Mount Hezar are used by nomads for grazing livestock, and the high-altitude village of Bab Zangi shows the presence of animal husbandry in the area. Climbing Hezar Peak is considered a demanding, technical ascent with a difficult grade. At times, because of the spread of COVID-19, a ban on climbing this peak has been announced. The climb requires a high level of physical fitness and, on some routes, rock-climbing skills and a local guide. Altitude sickness is also possible at this elevation. There are various routes to the summit of Hezar. The north route runs from the village of Zarrud via the Rayen Waterfall to the Hezar shelter and is the most common route. The south route starts from the Ardekan area. The Bab Zangi route is the shortest route to the summit. The Mirshadi Valley route is another way up the peak. To reach the start of the climb, you can travel from Kerman to Rayen and then take the Rayen Waterfall road. The village of Ardekan is located southwest of the peak. On the north route up Hezar, there is a spring near the shelter. The south route is short of water, and no information about water access is available for the Ardekan route. The Bab Zangi route is also known as a low-water route. • Qash Mastan Peak Qash Mastan Peak, at 4,450 meters above sea level, is the highest peak of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and of the Dena range, as well as the highest peak of the great Zagros range. It is known as the roof of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province and is on the list of peaks of the Simorgh Plan. The Dena range has a ridge roughly 90 kilometers long and lies between the three provinces of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Isfahan and Fars. The town of Sisakht, the center of Dena County, lies on the slopes of this mountain. The name Qash Mastan derives from a famous legend in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and from the rich culture of the Turkic nomads. The Dena range has diverse vegetation. At lower altitudes, dense oak forests can be seen, and other important plant species include wild pistachio, mountain almond, terebinth, hawthorn and astragalus. At higher altitudes, especially along the routes to Qash Mastan Peak, plants such as astragalus, zarrin giyah, bilhar and wild mountain mint also grow. Animal diversity in the Dena range is very high and includes large brown bears, see-see partridges, eagles, vultures, lammergeiers, leopards, wolves, wild cats (especially caracals), martens, weasels, Persian squirrels, falcons, saker falcons, chukar partridges, stone curlews, rock partridges and larks (various types of pouch-mouthed birds), as well as ibex and wild goats among the many species of Dena. Ibex and wild goats have been reported during climbs of Qash Mastan Peak. No precise information is available about domestic animals around the peak, but given the villages and nomads in the Dena area, livestock herding is likely in these regions. Because of its great height and the presence of glaciers, climbing Qash Mastan is considered one of the heavy and challenging ascents in Iran, with a difficult grade. In winter, the risk of avalanches and rockfall is very high, and crossing the glaciers requires caution and suitable equipment. The most common and easiest route up Qash Mastan starts from the village of Khafr in Padena. From the village, two routes lead to the shelter: the left-hand route past the Kuh-Dezh, which is shorter, and the right-hand route, which passes beside a waterfall and is longer but more pleasant. The south route over the Bonroo Pass, right below Qash Mastan Peak, also makes the climb possible, though it requires rope protection at the end. The west route can also be climbed from the village of Sisakht across the central ridge of Dena. To reach the village of Khafr, you need to travel from Semirom toward Yasuj. On the route up Qash Mastan from the village of Khafr, there are several springs and patches of snowmelt along the way. For the other routes, no precise information about water access is available. Midway along the climb from Khafr, the Qash Mastan shelter stands at an altitude of about 3,000 meters, which is a suitable place to set up camp. • Khalano Peak Khalano Peak, at 4,350 to 4,390 meters above sea level, is the highest peak of Tehran Province and the third highest peak in the Central Alborz after Damavand and Alam-Kuh. The peak is bordered to the south by Shemshak and the Roudbar-e Qasran valley, to the north by the valley of the Varangrud River, to the east by the Lar Plain (the Lavasanat area), and to the west it connects via the Harzehkuh ridge to the Karaj River valley. Khalano is the main source of the Varangrud River, which is the main feed of the Karaj Dam Lake. The vegetation of Khalenow Peak includes astragalus (gavan), golpar (hogweed), tulips, poppies, barberry, wild garlic (sir), lochak and nettle, all found in this area. In terms of wildlife, birds such as the golden eagle, the imperial eagle (homa), chukar partridge, see-see partridge, lark and hoopoe, and animals such as wild boar, wild rams and ewes, ibex and wild goat, brown bear and wolf live in this region. No precise information is available about domestic animals on the heights of Khalenow, but given the villages of Lalun and Shemshak near the peak, livestock herding is likely in these areas. Overall, Khalenow is a technical, high peak in the Central Alborz, and climbing it requires mountaineering experience and a high level of physical fitness. Crossing the ridges at an altitude of 4,300 meters adds to the relative difficulty of this climb. Climbing Khalenow alone is not recommended, and carrying navigation equipment and knowing the route well are essential. The most common route up Khalenow Peak starts from a gorge north of Lalun village (in Rudbar-e Qasran rural district). After passing the Talkhab Spring and Khalenow Waterfall, it reaches the Vazuab Pass and the Khalenow Cirque (Kaseh-ye Khalenow), and finally the summit. Other climbing routes include the Varangeh-rud Valley, Abnik village and Shemshak village (the winter route). On the route from Lalun village, there is the Talkhab Spring (not drinkable) and a fresh, pleasant spring after the waterfall and before the pass. On the Varangeh-rud Valley route, water is available at Do Ab and Khalenow Lake. • Kolunchin Peak Kolunchin Peak, at 4,221 to 4,250 meters above sea level, is the highest peak of the Zardkuh Bakhtiari range and the roof of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province. After Dena Peak, it is the second-highest mountain in the Zagros range. The Zardkuh Bakhtiari range lies between the two large rivers Kuhrang and Bazoft. In the local dialect, Kolunchin means "stone-piler" (sangchin), and the name comes from the type of rock of this peak and the other peaks along the climbing route. The vegetation of Kolunchin Peak includes plants such as astragalus (gavan), zarrin-giah, bilhar and wild mint. Dense oak forests are also seen in this area. The wildlife of this region includes brown bear, leopard, ibex and wild goat, wild ram and ewe, see-see partridge, goshawk, peregrine falcon, golden eagle, horned viper, Mediterranean tortoise and ferruginous duck. No precise information is available about domestic animals on the heights of Kolunchin, but given the presence of nomads in the Zardkuh region, livestock herding is likely in these areas. Because of its great height and the glaciers, climbing Kolunchin Peak is considered one of the heavy and challenging climbs in Iran, and its difficulty grade is hard. In this month of the year (Mordad), you must move carefully across the glaciers and beware of the edges, melting collapsing layers and the thin ice of the glaciers. The common route up Kolunchin Peak passes through the East Valley, the second tunnel of the Kuhrang Dam and the Kul-e Khadang Gorge, and has no shelter. The winter route is possible via the east ridge and the Khersan hut. Other climbing routes include the north ridge (the first dam of the Kuhrang Tunnel and the Chal-e Mishan hut) and the east ridge (Khersan hut). To reach the starting point of the East Valley route, you must first go to Polur on the Haraz Road, then head toward the second tunnel of the Kuhrang Dam via the Federation base camp. Because of the glacier, most springs along the route up Kolunchin Peak are blocked and there is no drinking water. A limited amount of snowmelt may be found at the start of the valley. Near the campsite there is also a spring called "Mar Bori", whose water is clear and cold. The Chal-e Mishan and Khersan huts are located on the eastern slope of the peak, and there is water next to the Chal-e Mishan hut. • Sialan Peak Sialan Peak, at 4,175 meters above sea level, lies on the border of Mazandaran and Qazvin provinces in the Alborz range. To the north, the peak overlooks the Do Hezar Valley and the Daryasar Plain in Tonekabon County, and to the south it overlooks the Rudbar section of Eastern Alamut in Qazvin Province. In the local dialect, the name Sialan means "three ridges", because the peak stands where three ridgelines meet. The vegetation of Sialan Peak includes pine trees known as ores (juniper), mountain cypress, marshmallow flowers, mountain tea, valak and golpar (hogweed), which cover this region. In terms of wildlife, the area is a habitat for eagles, hares, chukar partridges, lizards, ibex and wild goats, and other wild mammals. No precise information is available about domestic animals on the heights of Sialan, but given the villages of Heniz and Asal Mahalleh near the peak, livestock herding is likely in these areas. The access routes to Sialan are long, and climbing it requires good physical fitness. A winter ascent of Sialan Peak can be dangerous because of the cold, heavy precipitation and strong winds, and requires specialized equipment. Sialan Peak can be climbed by three main routes: the southern route from Heniz village in Qazvin Province, which has a gentler slope and is more suitable for beginner climbers; the northern route from Asal Mahalleh village in Mazandaran Province, which is more complex and longer and passes beside the Daryasar Plain; and the ridge route, which passes the huts at the Kandigan Pass and is suitable for advanced climbers. On the southern route up Sialan Peak from Heniz village, there are several springs, including the Gol-e Pari Spring. On the northern route from Asal Mahalleh village, the Gurkhani Spring is located. The Rahnama Ghobadi Sialan hut stands at an altitude of 3,260 meters on the southern route, and the Yadbud hut is located on the northern route before Daryasar. • Shah Alborz Peak Shah Alborz Peak, at 4,150 to 4,175 metres above sea level, is the highest peak in Alborz Province and forms the natural border between Alborz and Qazvin provinces. Its southern slopes overlook the Taleqan Valley in Alborz Province, and its northern slopes overlook the Alamut Valley in Qazvin Province. The peak is also called Taleqan Peak. To the west, Shah Alborz connects to Zivarchal Peak, and its northern side is bounded by walls and high rock faces about 600 metres tall and by permanent glaciers. The vegetation of Shah Alborz includes apple, walnut, cherry, pear, wild barberry, hawthorn, plane and willow trees, as well as medicinal and ornamental herbs such as rhubarb, wild leek and chicory. The area's wildlife includes hares, hyenas, wild boars, jackals, wolves and bears, and among the birds you can find eagles, wagtails, choughs, falcons and partridges. There is no precise information on livestock in the Shah Alborz highlands, but given the villages of Hasanjoon and Heranj on the southern slope and Garmarud and Dinehrud on the northern slope, livestock herding is likely in these areas. The climb to Shah Alborz Peak is one of the longest routes among the peaks of the Central Alborz, covering about 17.5 kilometres to the summit. The route has no huts or shelters. In spring, because of the snow on the slopes, observing safety precautions is essential, and if you climb from Hasanjoon village, you first pass through lush green trees. A winter ascent of Shah Alborz requires previous experience and heavy winter mountaineering equipment. The common route up Shah Alborz starts on the southern face, from Hasanjoon village in Taleqan, and follows the river and a sheepfold. The northern routes can also be climbed, from Garmarud village in Alamut (the northwest ridge) and Dinehrud village in Alamut (the northeast ridge), and another route runs from Heranj village in Taleqan and Si Cheshmeh. On the route from Hasanjoon village there are several springs along the way. The Olang spring is the last drinkable spring, located at an altitude of 3,376 metres, about two hours from the summit. • Sanbaran Peak Sanbaran Peak, at 4,100 to 4,150 metres above sea level, is the highest peak of the Oshtorankuh range in Lorestan Province and of the third-highest range in the Zagros, after Dena and Zardkuh. The peak overlooks Gahar Lake and lies to the south of it. To its east is the village of Darreh Takht, and to its north is the village of Tayan. The word Sanbaran is made up of two parts: "Sanb", meaning a horn or something horn-like, and "Ran", meaning a part or region. It probably means "the horn of the region", a name given because of the peak's height. The vegetation of Oshtorankuh and Sanbaran Peak includes abundant wild pistachio, milk-vetch, rhubarb, steppe vegetation on the gentle slopes, wild flowers, barberry, garlic, carnation, rose, madder and borage. This region is home to a variety of animal species, including brown bears, foxes, hyenas, wild boars, grey wolves, wild goats and wild rams, and among the birds you can find eagles, partridges, owls, ducks and falcons, all of which are under environmental protection. The slopes of Oshtorankuh have long been home to some Lur tribes, and its pastures are used by the nomads of this area. Climbing Sanbaran is one of the country's notable ascents, and Himalayan expedition teams do their final domestic training on the peaks of Oshtorankuh. The route up Sanbaran has a very steep section known as the "Fish Back" (Gerdeh Mahi), which requires strong muscles. Climbing in autumn and winter is very hard and exhausting because of the cold, precipitation and strong winds, and demands great strength and proper mountaineering equipment. The most common route up Sanbaran starts on the northern side from Tayan village and reaches the summit after passing the Gol Gol Hut and the Chal Kabud Hut. The northern route passes through Tayan village, the Gol Gol Hut, the Chal Kabud Hut and Sanbaran Peak. Another route can be climbed from Bidestaneh village via the northern face of the peak, which involves about 2 kilometres less walking. Sanbaran Peak is accessible via the main Isfahan–Lorestan highway (Azna County), as well as via the town of Azna or the Tehran–Ahvaz railway (Azna County station). On the route up Sanbaran from Tayan village, the Gol Gol spring is next to the first hut. Between the Gol Gol Hut and the Chal Kabud Hut there is no other water source, so you must carry enough water. A spring has also been reported at an altitude of 3,500 metres, before the Varzab Pass, on the route through the Lalun Valley to Khalano Peak, which may also be related to Oshtorankuh. • Belqeis Peak Belqeis Peak, at 3,332 to 3,363 metres above sea level, is in Zanjan Province, eight kilometres northeast of Takht-e Soleyman. The peak lies at the end of the Balkash mountain chain, east of Lake Urmia, and is the highest peak of the Qarakh Bolagh (Chehel Cheshmeh) mountains. On the southern summit are the remains of the stone fortress of Takht-e Belqeis, which was used in Sassanid times as a watchtower for Takht-e Soleyman. Between the two summits there is a very beautiful lake, formed by melting snow, that is visible for most months of the year. The slopes of Belqeis are home to rare edible and medicinal wild plants, including rhubarb, nettle, thyme, lavender, kashmak, savory, sorrel, bulagh uti, liquorice and marjoram. The wild animals of this area include bears, jackals, wild boars, wolves, foxes and hares, and, more importantly, a dangerous venomous snake known as the «Belqeis viper», about twenty to fifty centimetres long, brown and dark green and the same colour as the rocks of the area, has been seen around this mountain. There is no precise information on livestock in the Belqeis highlands, but given the villages of Dandi and Qaravolkhaneh near the peak, livestock herding is likely in these areas. There are two main routes up Belqeis Peak. The southern route starts from Dandi and Qaravolkhaneh village; it is shorter than the Takht-e Soleyman route and is the most common route. The southwest route also starts from Dandi and reaches Takht-e Soleyman via the mine road. The northeast route is possible from West Azerbaijan Province, Takab County and the mine road. On the southern route up Belqeis Peak (from the Qaravolkhaneh ranger station), there are about 5 seasonal springs along the river, so water shortage is not a problem on the route. On the chosen route, there is also a permanent spring about an hour below the summit, a good place to rest. • Tashgar Peak Tashgar Peak, at 3,267 meters above sea level, is the highest peak in Hormozgan Province. It lies in the Homag Mountains and is a popular destination for professional climbers and nature lovers. The peak is located 60 kilometers north of Bandar Abbas County and in the southern part of Hajiabad County. Mount Homag is the highest part of Hormozgan Province, belonging to the southern Zagros range and forming part of the Zagros Fold Belt. According to local people, the name Tashgar comes from the burning of a juniper (Ars) tree, which was struck by lightning, caught fire and burned. At the middle elevations of Mount Homag and Tashgar Peak, the dominant plants of the area are wild almond, bitter almond (badamak), wild pistachio (baneh), Qeich, ebony and milkvetch (gavan), while juniper and wild olive dominate at higher elevations. A variety of fruits, including tangerines, grapes, walnuts, dates, figs and apricots, also grow in the orchards of the area. The dominant birds of the area are chukar partridges and see-see partridges, which are found in abundance in all seasons of the year. Various birds of prey, owls and other birds such as bee-eaters, kites, green bee-eaters, black francolins, warblers, wagtails and chaffinches also live in this area. No precise information is available on domestic animals in the Tashgar highlands, but given the villages of Totang and Zakin on the southern slope, livestock herding is likely in these areas. The best seasons for climbing Tashgar Peak are autumn and winter, and the trip is usually 2 days. Climbing Tashgar Peak has no particular technical difficulty and is suitable for experienced climbers as well as beginners. The route is challenging mainly because of its altitude and length, and it requires a good level of physical fitness. Tashgar Peak can be climbed by several different routes. The northern route (Homag) reaches the summit from the north of Mount Homag and, because of its length and difficulty, is better suited to professional climbers. The southern routes start from the villages of Totang and Zakin. Among these, the route from Zakin village is known as the standard route to the summit of Tashgar. To reach Zakin village, you can take the road Hajiabad – Siahu village – Dargaz village – Zakin village. On the route up Tashgar Peak from Zakin village, there is a drinkable spring at an elevation of 1,666 meters (Zakin Spring), the non-drinkable Parzardu Spring at 2,162 meters, and the non-drinkable Chah-e Malek Spring at 2,594 meters. At 2,500 meters, there is a place to spend the night, with huts built from stones and date palm leaves. • Barfanbar Peak Barfanbar Peak, at 3,200 to 3,260 meters above sea level, is considered the highest peak in Qom Province. It is located 60 kilometers south of the city of Qom, in the orchards south of Fordo village in Kahak District. The peak is named for the 600-meter-deep valley beside it, where a large amount of snow accumulates in winter, and this snow sometimes lasts until the summer of the following year. The vegetation of the mountainous areas of Qom is rich, and wild almond, medlar and wild pistachio shrubs are characteristic plants of these areas. As for wildlife, jackals, wolves, foxes, hares, chukar partridges, see-see partridges, steppe eagles, kestrels, falcons, vultures and various kinds of sparrows can be seen in these areas. At the foot of Barfanbar there are two cold springs that flow from inside the mountain and from the three snow-filled pits of Barfanbar, and lead to the dense orchards of Fordo. Because of its low altitude and the absence of scrambling on the route, climbing Barfanbar Peak is one of the easiest ascents among Iran's well-known peaks, and its difficulty is low to moderate. However, weather conditions and the season can make the climb harder. The most common route up Barfanbar Peak starts from Fordo village. Other routes include the Vasaf Valley route, the Karmjegan village route and the Jasb area route. To reach Fordo village, take the old Qom–Kashan road from the city of Qom, then go to the city of Kahak and from there to Fordo village. At the start of the route from Fordo village, there is the Abidar Spring beside a sheepfold, which has plenty of water. There are also two cold springs at the foot of Barfanbar. The Barfanbar mountain hut appears after the summit, and it is not possible to enter it if there is a crowd of climbers. On the route up from Vasaf Valley, it may also be possible to find water at an elevation of 3,100 meters (on the side route of the ascent). • Quli Zoleikha Peak Quli Zoleikha Peak, at 3,195 to 3,250 meters above sea level, is the highest peak in Kurdistan Province and one of the highest peaks of the Zagros range in northwestern Iran. The peak is located in the Chehel Cheshmeh area, on the border between Divandarreh and Saqqez counties. The Chehel Cheshmeh mountains are among the snowiest and coldest areas of Kurdistan, are covered with snow throughout the year, and are counted among the largest natural glaciers in Iran. Zoleikha Peak is known as the roof of Kurdistan Province and is on the list of peaks of the Simorgh Plan. The vegetation of Quli Zoleikha Peak and the Chehel Cheshmeh mountains includes solan or primrose, kashmeh, loosheh, pesal or kul, samoor, rhubarb, mani, soore baneh, gooni, kanival, ivy, barza, senobar, qeitaran, violet and salmeh. The wild animals of this area include bears, wolves, foxes, hares, rock partridges, many snakes and wild boars. Tracks of these animals, including bears, have been seen in the snow. No precise information is available on domestic animals in the Quli Zoleikha highlands, but given the village of Bast near the peak, livestock herding is likely in these areas. The area around Zolaykha Peak is known as one of the snowiest and coldest regions of Kurdistan. Climbing it in winter is very dangerous because of its steep routes and avalanche-prone valleys, and requires full attention to all safety considerations. The ascent of Zolaykha Peak is of moderate difficulty and suits climbers with intermediate experience, but it requires good physical fitness. Finding the correct route among the many rocky ridges requires experience and an experienced local guide. The best and most common route up Zolaykha Peak starts from Bast village in Divandarreh and follows the northeast face. A longer route leads from Bast village to Shah Neshin Peak and then follows the ridge to Qowli Zolaykha Peak. Another standard route goes from Bast village to the summit via the Chalcheme spring. Bast means "dead end", and the village is the last settlement in this mountainous area. There is a suitable mountaineering base at the end of the village where climbing teams can stay. There are many springs on all sides of the Qowli Zolaykha area. The most famous and best-flowing of them is called Kani Chaworesh and lies on its southeast flank. Water is easy to find along the climbing route. • Shah Jahan Peak Shah Jahan Peak, at 3032 to 3081 metres above sea level, is the highest point of the Aladagh range in North Khorasan Province and is known as the "Roof of North Khorasan". The peak lies at the meeting point of the three counties of Shirvan, Faruj and Esfarayen. The name "Shah Jahan" is linked to a historical and religious story, and some sources attribute it to the tomb of a prominent lady called "Shah Jahan". The vegetation of Shah Jahan includes juniper trees, mountain barberry, chicory, pennyroyal mint, ankh, aghbash, lavender (Stoechas), various types of wormwood, astragalus, siah-talu, several kinds of wild tulips, wide pastures and hundreds of other unidentified species. Precise information about the wildlife of Shah Jahan is not available, but since the peak lies in the mountainous Aladagh region, animals such as foxes, jackals, wolves, chukar partridges and see-see partridges are likely to live there. The pastures on the slopes of Shahvar, close to Shah Jahan, are the grazing area of the villages of Abarsaj and Nekarman, and livestock farming probably takes place on the slopes of Shah Jahan as well. Climbing Shah Jahan Peak usually takes about 4 to 6 hours and is rated as moderately difficult. The route from Tash village has a relatively gentler gradient, while the Jangal-e Abr route is longer and more challenging. At high altitudes, snowfall and wind are possible. In recent years there have been reports of climbers getting lost on Shah Jahan because of snow and blizzards, which shows the need for caution and preparation when climbing this peak. The most common route to Shah Jahan Peak starts from the south face and the village of Nodeh Bam in Esfarayen County and takes about 4 hours. Other routes include the Tash village route (the most commonly used), the Khargh village route (the safest and shortest), the Amiranlu village route (north) and the Khosroyeh village route (northeast). On the route up Shah Jahan Peak from Tash village there are natural springs, among them the Haft-Rang ("Seven Colours") spring, with clear, pleasant-tasting blue water. On the Nodeh Bam route there is also a cold, pleasant spring below the summit on the south side, whose water flows down to the villages below. • Naybandan Peak Nayband Peak, at 3005 metres above sea level, is the highest peak in South Khorasan Province. It lies in the Dihuk area of Tabas County and is known as the roof of South Khorasan. The peak is part of Iran's national Simorgh mountaineering programme and, thanks to its natural and environmental importance, is considered one of the most outstanding climbing destinations in Iran. Nayband village, on the edge of the Lut Desert, is the main base for climbing Nayband Peak. Because of its geographical position and distinctive climate, the area is known as one of the most important wildlife refuges in Iran. The name "Nayband" was given to it because of the natural gorges in the area and because it links two parts of the desert. The vegetation of the Nayband area includes plants such as wild almond (arzhan), ivory almond, saxaul (taghe), wild fig, astragalus and cumin. The area is particularly important for endangered species such as the Asiatic cheetah and is home to varied animals such as wild rams and ewes, caracals, red foxes, sand foxes, jackals, Indian crested porcupines, tashi and desert hares, as well as various snakes. Nayband village has an example of stepped architecture and has earned the title "Masuleh of the Desert". Life in the village has continued for years thanks to the water of its qanats. Nayband Peak is a relatively difficult but technical peak in the desert region of South Khorasan. Climbing it requires good physical fitness and experience of mountaineering in desert areas. Climbing it without a guide and without a permit from the Tabas County Mountaineering Board can be dangerous, especially because there are no shelters or water sources along the route. The rocky, crumbling terrain of the Nayband mountain and the large temperature difference between day and night are further challenges of climbing this peak. The only way up Nayband Peak is from the north face, and the starting point is a spot at the end of the dirt road in the Naybandan Wildlife Refuge. To climb the peak, you must go from Nayband village towards the abandoned village of Aliabad and then climb to the summit. On the north face, several routes run parallel to each other towards the summit, either along valley floors or over ridges. The Nayband area is dry and has no springs or rivers, so climbers must carry the water they need. In Nayband village, the Zardgah spring and the Dig-e Rostam hot spring are the main water sources for the village's palm groves and gardens. • Birmi Peak Birami Peak, at 1,950 to 1,970 metres above sea level, is the highest peak in Bushehr Province. It lies 3 kilometres east of the town of Khormoj, along the borders of the counties of Tangestan, Dashtestan and Dashti. The peak is located in southern Fars, between the counties of Lar and Lamerd, and is regarded as the highest point of Bushehr Province. Mount Birami is a continuation of the southern Zagros range. The vegetation of the Birami area consists mainly of mesquite (kahur), jujube (konar), wild almond and Persian turpentine (baneh). Medicinal plants in the area include thyme, bordi, mortalkh and asafoetida. Extensive date palm groves lie at the foot of the peak. Animal species in the area include jackals, foxes, wild boars, gazelles, wild goats, chukar partridges and see-see partridges. Leopards, ibex, goats and wild sheep (rams and ewes) have also been sighted here. The Biram area, which is in fact the same as Bikheh Ehshām, lies in southern Fars between the counties of Lar and Lamerd. Extensive date palm groves stretch across the slopes of this peak. Although Mount Birami is under 2,000 metres high, it is considered one of the most difficult mountains in Iran because of its great height above the surrounding base, and the route is very steep. To climb this peak you face at least seven "trials" (like the seven labours of the hero Rostam), and the slope eases only between them. The peak can be climbed in the cold months of the year and during seasonal rains, while in the hot seasons it is very important to carry enough water and fluids. Birami Peak is usually climbed from the north, from the Khayez area, because the southern slopes of the mountain are generally impassable and precipitous. The most common and easiest route to the summit is the Tang-e Ravan route on the northern face, which has the best and highest-quality footpath and clear cairns along the climbing route. Another route is possible from Khormoj and the southern side of the Onar Valley. There is only one spring, at the start of the route to Birami Peak from the village of Geshi in Ahram County. On the route from Khormoj and the Onar Valley, there is also the Nari spring at an altitude of 920 metres. • Shahan Kuh Peak Shahan Kuh Peak, at 4,040 metres above sea level, is the highest peak in Isfahan Province. It lies 20 kilometres southwest of Fereydunshahr and is part of the Zagros range. The peak stands on a ridge of the same name, more than 43 kilometres long, whose general direction follows the main axis of the Zagros, northwest to southeast. The peak takes its name from the village of Shahan on its southern side. Fereydunshahr is known as the "Roof of Iran". The vegetation of Shahan Kuh includes fritillary (inverted tulip), various kinds of milkvetch (gon), koma, jashir, sorrel, zool, chavil, celery, rhubarb, mushrooms, wild leek and wild dill. Dozens of kinds of flowers and plants grow at its different altitudes. Various wild birds such as pheasants, eagles, chukar partridges and see-see partridges, as well as ibex, wild goats, bears, wolves, jackals and hares, live in this region. Pastoral nomads live around Shahan Kuh Peak, and their stone sheepfolds can be seen along the climbing route. Climbing Shahan Kuh Peak is rated as difficult because of its great height and steep slopes. Some sections of the route require scrambling with your hands on the rock. Sudden, cold, dry winds on the ridge and summit are very noticeable. The common route to Shahan Kuh Peak runs from the east side through the village of Sardab-e Bala, the Arab Gorge (Tang-e Arab) and the southern gully, and is known as the summer route. A western route from the village of Shahan via the western gully, and a northeastern route from Sardab-e Bala via the northeastern valley, also lead to the peak. To reach the village of Sardab-e Bala, travel from Isfahan to Fereydunshahr, then on to the village of Sibak, and finally to Sardab. There is only one spring at the start of the route to Shahan Kuh Peak, located in the Arab Gorge. There is no other spring along the route. There is no shelter in the area or on the climbing route, but in several places in the upper parts of the eastern and western ridges there are suitable flat areas for pitching tents. • Samamus Peak Samamus Peak, at 3,050 to 3,726 metres above sea level, is the highest peak overlooking the Caspian Sea and the highest peak in Gilan Province, located in Rudsar County. It lies south of Kelachay and Ramsar, on the border between the northern forests and the Ashkur Valley. The name Samamus means "under the sky", and this heavenly mountain is like an island surrounded by dense forests. On the slopes of Samamus Peak there is forest cover, and at higher altitudes you can see meadows, mountain flowers and a special kind of creeping juniper. Animals of the area include bears, foxes, hares, eagles and falcons. There are also reports of leopards and wild boars in the region. The village of Javaherdasht lies near Samamus Peak and offers the possibility of an overnight stay. Livestock farming is common in this village and the surrounding areas. Climbing Samamus Peak may be accompanied by difficulties such as fog in the area, and using a local guide or GPS is essential. To complete the full climbing programme for this peak, allow more than one day; a one-day ascent requires a high level of physical fitness. On the routes leading to Samamus Peak, especially in foggy weather, snakes may be present, which should be kept in mind. The common route to Samamus Peak passes through Javahereh, the east ridge and Siyahkand. Other routes include the northern route from Ramsar via Javahereh, Siyah Kand and the Javaherdasht Pass; the eastern route from Jannat Rudbar, Baghdasht and Rudbar Kesh; the southeastern route from Ramsar via Javahereh, Baghdasht and Lepasar; the northeastern route from Ramsar via Javahereh, Siyah Kand, Baghdasht and Rudbarkesh; and the western route from Siyahkalrud via Javaherdasht and the Javaherdasht Pass. On the route to Samamus Peak from Javahereh, there are springs along the way. The last spring on the route has pleasant, fresh water, which is piped down to that point from higher up using a polyethylene pipe. On the Jannat Rudbar route there is also a waterfall whose source is on Mount Samamus. • Shahvar Peak Mount Shahvar, at 3,905 to 3,964 meters above sea level, is the highest peak of the eastern Alborz and the roof of Semnan Province. It forms the natural border between Semnan and Golestan provinces. The mountain lies near the city of Shahrud, about 25 kilometers northwest of the city. The name Shahvar literally means "king-like" or "kingly", and it was given because this is the highest peak in the region. The peak is shaped like a flat, reclining cone and connects to the other heights of the eastern Alborz only through its northeastern ridge. The vegetation of Shahvar includes barberry, various types of milkvetch (Astragalus), broom grass, wild cumin, wild rose, juniper and wheat grass. The wildlife of the area includes brown bear, ibex and wild goat, wolf, porcupine, chukar partridge and wild boar. Shahvar Peak stands north of Shahrud County and east of Tash village, and its slopes are the pastures and grazing grounds of the villages of Abarsaj and Nekarman. The ascent of Shahvar is one of the longer routes among the peaks of the Alborz range, covering roughly 9.89 to 19.31 kilometers. However, the route involves no serious technical climbing or scrambling, and in terms of difficulty it can be compared to the southern route of Damavand or Alam-Kuh (from the Hesarchal side). Shahvar is usually covered with snow throughout the year. The common route to Shahvar Peak goes up the western face and passes through Tash village, the bauxite mine, Khersan Valley and the Pir Mishi spring. Other routes include the southwest route from Nekarman village (the southwest ridge), the south route from Zereshk village (the south ridge) and the west route from Tash village (Mishi spring and Pir Mishi pass). To reach Tash village, drive from Shahrud toward Azadshahr and, at the Mojen junction, turn off toward the Mojen or Toskestan road and Gorgan. On the route up the western face of Shahvar there is the Pir Mishi spring. The Khersi spring is also located along this route. On the southern route (Hasanjun village in Taleqan) there are also several springs, including the Olang spring, the last of which is at an altitude of 3,376 meters. There is no mountain hut in the area or along the route, but the village's climbers' house is a suitable place to spend the night. • Gavkoshan Peak Gavkoshan Peak, at 3,800 to 3,841 meters above sea level, is the highest peak of Golestan Province in northern Iran and part of the eastern Alborz range. It lies in the Jahan Nama Protected Area and forms a 15-kilometer ridge that is considered the natural border between Golestan and Semnan provinces. The peak is also on the list of Simorgh Plan peaks. Gavkoshan is located 37 kilometers south of Gorgan and 6 kilometers southeast of Shahkuh-e Pain village, and it is the source of the Sartangeh, Chahardah and Abe Torudban rivers. The vegetation of Gavkoshan includes shing, wormwood, bindweed, wild rue (esfand), soapwort, cress, wild almond, iris, various types of milkvetch, various types of sainfoin, sage, bride's flower, tulip, poppy, fescue, parand, shir-khesht, kolah-e Mir Hasan, tamarisk, kondor-e jashir, juniper and wild rose, and kakuti. The wildlife of the area includes pheasant, falcon, vulture, owl, crow, sparrow, pigeon, partridge, see-see partridge, saker falcon, ibex, wild goat, wild ram, ewe, wild boar, hare, field mice, hedgehog, wildcat, leopard and bear. Most people in Shahkuh-e Sofla village work in livestock farming and agriculture, and in summer the village hosts many visitors from across the region. Climbing Gavkoshan falls into the category of moderate to hard peaks and requires good physical fitness, mountaineering experience and familiarity with mountain routes. The climbing routes include steep sections, scree slopes and rocky cliffs, which make the ascent challenging. In winter, because the area is avalanche-prone, the climb must be done with great caution and the proper equipment. Gavkoshan has two common climbing routes. The first starts from Shahkuh-e Sofla village, located 65 kilometers southeast of Gorgan; after about 4 kilometers of dirt road it leads to the Sangbon spring and then to the Zin-e Asbi pass, and from there the route continues to the summit. The second route starts from the town of Dibaj, 55 kilometers north of Damghan, and is known as the southern route up Gavkoshan. At the end of the dirt road on the route to Gavkoshan Peak there is the Sangbon spring. On the way back, a stream can also be seen. There is no mountain hut or shelter along the route, and in warm seasons it is possible to pitch a tent at the end of the dirt road. • Kuhno Peak Kuhno Peak (Kino), at 3,701 to 3,761 meters above sea level, lies in the Zagros highlands between Khuzestan and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces. It is considered the roof of Khuzestan Province and the highest point of the province, and it is on the list of Simorgh peaks. In the local language, the name Kino comes from the way the mountain holds snow, meaning fresh snow piling up on top of old snow. Lake Tamy also lies at the foot of this mountain. The vegetation of Kino includes various kinds of oak, maple (arzhan), kikam, shen-e balalim, olf, golkhuneg, wild pistachio (baneh), saten, dareh, wild willow, walnut, fig, jujube and hawthorn, as well as different types of milkvetch, chavil, wild barley, mint, pennyroyal, nettle, parsiavushan (maidenhair fern), iris and valak, and also fritillaries (nodding tulips). The wild animals of the area include brown bear, leopard, wolf, boar, wild goat, hyena, hare, fox, eagle, falcon, partridge, wild duck and mallard, as well as mountain nightingale and goldfinch. Kino is the summer pasture for all the livestock-herding nomads of the neighboring provinces. Because of its great height and its glaciers, climbing Kino is considered one of the heavy and challenging ascents, and its difficulty rating is hard. The first two thirds of the route are steep, while the final section has a gentler slope. Above 3,000 meters there is no trail, and the cairns along the route serve as guides. Climbing Kino in high-water seasons can be dangerous because it requires crossing a river. Unfortunately, the door of the Sobh mountain hut is normally locked. There are several routes to the summit of Kino. The most common is the eastern route, which can be reached from the Taraz Pass or the village of Lebad. The southern route runs through the Ab-e Sardeh Gorge, the northwest route starts from the village of Ahmad Fadaleh along a nomad trail, and a northern route from Lirook is also possible. To reach the starting point of the eastern route, you need to travel to Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, the Bazoft area, the town of Chaman Goli, and then take the Masjed Soleyman road. After about 130 kilometres, turn onto the side road to the village of Lebad. Lake Tami, which is filled by snowmelt, lies at the foot of Mount Kino. The climbing route to this peak has no springs or other water sources, so it is best to carry enough water with you. Kino Peak has no hut or shelter. However, water can be found at an altitude of 3,100 metres (on a side branch of the climbing route). • Kan Seyfi Peak Kan Seyfi Peak, at 2,910 to 3,050 metres above sea level, is the highest peak of the Kabirkuh range and the roof of Ilam Province. The Kabirkuh range is part of the great Zagros Mountains and is the westernmost range in Iran, starting near the city of Ilam and continuing to Khuzestan Province. The range is about 225 kilometres long, and Kan Seyfi Peak lies near the village of Chenar Bashi. On the northern slope of the mountain there is a spring called Seyfi, and the peak takes its name, Kan Seyfi, from this spring. The vegetation of Ilam Province is semi-dense and consists mostly of oak, wild cherry (balalook), almond (arzhan), hawthorn and Keykam (Cercis/Acer-type local shrub) species. In the Kabirkuh area, oak trees are also the dominant species. The wildlife of this region includes brown bear, leopard, wildcat, caracal, wolf, jackal, red fox, hyena, marten, weasel, wild sheep and goat, wild boar, hare, Persian squirrel, European hedgehog, long-eared hedgehog, grey hamster and house mouse. Mount Kino, which is near Kan Seyfi, is the summer pasture for all the livestock-herding nomads of the neighbouring provinces. The climbing route to Kan Seyfi Peak has no springs or other water sources, and no hut or shelter. On the route there are two moderate scrambling sections, and the climb is considered demanding for a one-day outing. The best time to climb this peak is from Azar (late November) until mid-spring. There are two usual routes to Kan Seyfi Peak: the northern route from the village of Chenar Bashi and the southern route via the village of Cheshmeh Pahn. To climb by the southern route, first go to the city of Ilam, then head toward the town of Malekshahi, and then on to the village of Cheshmeh Pahn. The northern route passes the nomad settlement toward the north of the valley, then continues east among oak and ash trees, and finally reaches the summit via the ridge connecting to the village of Kani Pan. The route to this peak has no springs or other water sources. • Orin Peak Orin Peak, at 3,651 to 3,702 metres above sea level, is the highest peak in West Azerbaijan Province and the symbol of the city of Khoy. It lies 35 kilometres west of Khoy, between the districts of Safaiyeh and Ghotur, and 15 kilometres from the Iran-Turkey border. Mount Orin consists of two peaks: Little Orin (3,417 metres) and Big Orin (3,702 metres). Locally it is also known as Zaki Dagh and Mollamohammad Dagh, and in the local language Orin means "cloudy", because more than ninety percent of rain clouds, especially in spring, appear from behind this mountain. The vegetation of Orin Peak includes natural meadows, thorns, cress and colourful wildflowers. At lower altitudes, pastures and meadows spread out, and along the climbing route you will see colourful fields of anemones and poppies, as well as chamomile bushes and rare white yarrow. Detailed information on the wild animals of Orin Peak is not available, but since the peak lies in the mountainous region of West Azerbaijan, species such as bear, fox, wolf, chukar partridge and see-see partridge may be present in the area. Detailed information on domestic animals in the area is also unavailable, but given the villages of Hesar and Badalan near the peak, livestock farming is likely in these areas. On the route up Orin Peak there is no difficult rock or scrambling, and the climb is easy. However, along the way there is a steep, rocky bend called Gachi Gheyran ("goat killer"), which is the hardest section of the route to pass. The best time to climb Orin Peak and see its pristine and beautiful nature is from the second half of Khordad (early June) to Shahrivar (September). There are three main routes to Orin Peak: the eastern route, which is the most common, starts from the village of Hesar and reaches the summit by crossing the Hesar plain and the Gollar reservoir. The southern route from the village of Gowgerd and the southern ridge, and the western route from the village of Sharifabad and the western ridge, also lead to this peak. To reach the village of Hesar, you can travel from Khoy to Pesk and then Badalan, and from there reach Hesar by Nissan pickup. Up to an altitude of about 2,800 metres, there are many springs and streams along the route to Orin Peak. The Khaneh Kuh Orin shelter is in the village of Hesar; it holds about 70 to 80 people and has electricity. • Kamal Peak (Ghuchgoli) Kamal Peak, at 3,707 to 3,767 metres above sea level, is the highest peak in East Azerbaijan Province and part of the Sahand mountain range. It lies within Bostanabad County, north of the village of Samar Khazan. Among climbers it is known as Kamal Daghi. The Sahand region is considered very rich in flora and fauna. The northern slopes of Kamal Peak descend gently, through the Yanogh Dagh (Burnt Mountain) hills, to the Tabriz plain. Detailed information on the wild animals of Kamal Peak is not available, but since the peak lies in the Sahand range, species such as wild sheep and wild goat may be present in the area. No information is available on domestic animals either, but given the surrounding villages, livestock farming is likely in these areas. Climbing Kamal Peak is neither fully technical nor non-technical, and its difficulty is moderate. The trek to the summit usually takes about two and a half hours. The usual route to Kamal Peak starts from the Sahand ski resort, which is located 5 kilometres past the Tabriz–Tehran road police checkpoint (the old road). There is also a winter route (along the ridge) that reaches the summit via the northeast ridge. The area has no spring or mountain hut, but it is possible to set up camp beside Ghouchgoli Lake (north of the summit). The Ghouchgoli spring has cold, pleasant-tasting water. • Shirbad Peak Shirbad Peak, at an elevation of 3,303 to 3,327 metres above sea level, is the highest peak of the Binalud mountain range and the roof of Razavi Khorasan Province. It lies north of Bujan village (northeast of the city of Neyshabur) and south of Zeshk village. Detailed information on the vegetation of Shirbad Peak is not available, but rhubarb is among the best-known plants of the area. The wildlife of the Shirbad area includes wild rams, foxes, leopards, wild ewes, jackals and wolves. The pastures on the slopes of Binalud are used for livestock grazing. Shirbad Peak usually has strong winds throughout the year, which is how it got its name. The climb to the summit usually takes about 4 to 6 hours and its difficulty is rated as moderate. There are four main routes to the summit of Shirbad: the Janpanah (hut) route (east), which is the most common route, starts from Zeshk village and has a mountain hut at an elevation of 3,100 metres; the Nahal Valley route (east), which reaches the summit without passing the hut and has a spring of the same name; the Dowlatabad Valley route, which is the shortest route and is accessible via Golbahar and Dowlatabad village; and the Bujan route (west), which starts from Bujan village and is a lush, green route. There is no spring on the hut route, but the Nahal spring is located on the Nahal Valley route. No information is available on access to water on the Dowlatabad and Bujan routes. The Shahid Razavi hut is located at an elevation of 3,100 metres on the eastern route. • Taftan Peak Taftan Peak, at an elevation of 3,911 to 3,941 metres above sea level, is the highest peak of Sistan and Baluchestan Province and a semi-active volcano. It is located 50 kilometres northeast of the city of Khash. In the Balochi language, the name Taftan means hot and scorching, a reference to the sulphur fumes that rise from its crater. Taftan has four summits, named Chehel Tan (the highest), Madarkuh, Sobh Kuh and Narkuh, and three volcanic craters. The vegetation on the slopes of Taftan includes mountain shrubs, wild almond (arzhan), mountain almond, tamarisk and black wood, as well as plants such as thyme, chicory, rhubarb and mint. Some sources also mention wild olive and terebinth (baneh). There is no vegetation in the areas near the gold mine. The wildlife of this area includes wolves and jackals. There are also reports of Asian black bears being sighted in the southeastern regions of Iran, including Mount Taftan. Detailed information about domestic animals on the heights of Taftan is not available, but given the villages near the peak, livestock farming is likely in these areas. Climbing Taftan Peak usually takes about 10 hours and its difficulty is rated as moderate. Because of the sulphur gases at the volcano's crater, breathing at the summit can be difficult. There are four main routes to the summit of Taftan: the shelter route (western face), which is the most common route and has the Sobh shelter at an elevation of 3,250 metres; the Torshab village route (eastern face); the Tamin village route (northern face); and the Sangan fork and Khanjak village route (northeastern face). On the shelter route there are sulphur-laden mineral springs, which are not usable. For the other routes, no detailed information is available on access to water. The Sobh shelter is located at an elevation of 3,250 metres on the western route. • Bol Peak Bol Peak, at an elevation of 3,943 to 3,953 metres above sea level, is the highest peak of Fars Province and of the Sefid Kuh range in the southern Zagros region. It is located south of Eghlid County. In the Pahlavi language, the name Bol means high. The vegetation of Fars Province includes medicinal and industrial plants such as liquorice, borage, tragacanth, asafoetida and astragalus (goon). Detailed information on the wild animals of Bol Peak is not available, but since the peak lies in the mountainous Zagros region, animal species such as wild rams and ewes are likely to be found there. Likewise, no detailed information is available on the domestic animals of this area, but given the villages near the peak, livestock farming is likely in these areas. Climbing Bol Peak is usually done in one day and its difficulty is rated as moderate. Two springs flow along the climbing route. There are various routes to the summit of Bol: the Lay-e Shekaft Valley route (west), which is suitable for climbing in any season and starts from the Sardab area; the Zemestaneh Valley route (northwest), which is more difficult; the Rivas Valley route (north); the Cheshmeh Langi route (northeast), which starts from the Asari Pass and Cheshmeh Langi and leads to the summit; the Bagh-e Zarghami route (east), which is relatively long; the Dareh Sabz route (south), which starts from the Nokhodzar plain and ends at the shelter; and the Ghebleh Valley route (southwest), which is better suited to winter climbing. On the route to the summit of Bol there are two flowing springs, one of which is at an elevation of about 3,100 metres and is known as Sefid Sang. There is also a mountain hut on the western face of the peak at an elevation of about 3,550 metres. • Parav Peak Mount Parau, at 3,390 to 3,405 metres above sea level, is the highest peak in Kermanshah Province and part of the Zagros Mountains. It lies northeast of the city of Kermanshah. In Kurdish, the name Parau means "full of water", a reference to the many springs in this mountain range. The vegetation around Parau includes oak, wild sour cherry, hawthorn, wild pear and wild pistachio (baneh). The area's wildlife includes bears, foxes, jackals, wolves, leopards, hares and wild goats. No precise information is available about domestic animals on the slopes of Parau, but since there are villages near the peak, livestock herding is likely in these areas. The climb to Parau is usually done in a single day and is rated moderate in difficulty. There is a spring called Dozari along the route. The common route to the summit starts on the southern side from the village of Chalabeh and reaches the summit after passing through the Charubar Gorge. On the route to Parau, the Dozari spring is at an altitude of about 2,600 metres. The Parau mountain hut is at 3,150 metres. • Domir Peak Domir Peak, at 3,400 to 3,505 metres above sea level, is the highest peak in Markazi Province and one of the peaks of the Simorgh Project of Iran's mountains. It is located in Delijan County. In the local language, the name Domir means "tall-featured and majestic". The vegetation of Domir includes thyme, various kinds of galbanum (barijeh), asafoetida, wormwood, various kinds of milkvetch (gavan), tareh, nettle, wild barberry, zarrin-giyah, pennyroyal and yarrow. The animals of the area include wild boar, foxes, jackals, wolves, hares, various snakes and chameleons. No precise information is available about domestic animals on the slopes of Domir, but since there are villages in the surrounding area, livestock herding is likely in these areas. The climb to Domir is usually done in a single day and is rated moderate in difficulty. The area has only one spring, called Oghan, in the Bidestan Valley, and it is dry. There are four main routes to Domir: the eastern route via the village of Naraq; the western route via the village of Mazvash and Madan Valley, which is the shortest; the northern route via the village of Neshalj, which is the longest; and the southern route via the village of Ghalhar. The area has only one spring, called Oghan, in the Bidestan Valley, and it is dry. In the village of Mazvash there is a mountaineering house with suitable facilities for resting and overnight stays. • Kubari Peak (Yakhchal) Kubari Peak, at 3,586 metres above sea level, is the highest peak in Hamadan Province and in the Alvand mountain range. It lies south of the Moradbeig Valley and north of the town of Sarkan. In the local language, the name Kubari means "home of many partridges". The vegetation of Kubari includes yellow milkvetch, nettle, broom-like shrubs and rangeland plants. The animals of the area include wild goats (kal), pigs, partridges (zarech), eagles, falcons, hares, foxes, wolves and jackals. No precise information is available about domestic animals on the slopes of Kubari, but since there are villages near the peak, livestock herding is likely in these areas. The climb to Kubari is usually done in a single day and is rated moderate in difficulty. There are several springs along the way, so water is easy to find. There are three main routes to Kubari: the Moradbeig Valley route, which is the most popular and starts from Moradbeig Valley Square in Hamadan; the Ganjnameh route, which passes through the Mishan Plain and is longer; and the Tuyserkan route, which starts from the gardens of Sarkan. Along the route there are many springs, including the Sang-e Sefid spring and the Sardeh spring. The Saheb al-Zaman Shelter (Yakhchal Shelter) is at an altitude of 3,200 metres on the northern route. • Shirkuh Peak Shirkuh Peak, at 4,075 metres above sea level, is the highest peak in Yazd Province and lies in central Iran. It is located southwest of Taft County, 50 kilometres from Yazd. The name Shirkuh ("Lion Mountain") comes from its resemblance, seen from a distance, to a sleeping lion. The vegetation of Shirkuh includes barberry shrubs, sarishk (sarish), allium, wild cucumber (khiarak), jashir and thyme. The animals of the Shirkuh area include wild rams and ewes, gazelles, wild goats (kal), goats and wolves. No precise information is available about domestic animals on the slopes of Shirkuh, but since there are villages in the surrounding area, livestock herding is likely in these areas. The climb to Shirkuh is usually done in a single day and is rated moderate in difficulty. There are four springs along the route. There are various routes to Shirkuh, including: Sousan Valley, Shams Valley, Bardestan-e Sanich, Labidshir, Bidkabkan, Labidsorkh, Layakhchal, Lagerdu, and Abriz, which has two side routes called Najib Valley and Lasargun. The most common route starts from the village of Deh Bala. There are four springs along the route. A shelter stands after Najib Valley at an altitude of 3,522 metres, and the summit shelter is at 4,075 metres.